Recent actions by regulators indicate a growing concern about fair lending risk, specifically as it pertains to appraisals and valuations used to make credit decisions. Based on the increased interest in this area, banks may want to ensure that their management of fair lending risk includes a detailed look at their valuation process.
The focus on this issue kicked off with the creation of the Interagency Task Force on Property Appraisal and Valuation Equity (PAVE) in 2021, but federal agencies are also taking independent actions. For example, in March 2023, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) and the Department of Justice (DOJ) filed a Statement of Interest in a case alleging that the appraised value of a black consumer’s home increased by nearly $300,000 after the owners “whitewashed” their home by removing photos of themselves from the home and being absent during the second appraisal. More recently, in July 2024, the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) announced a lawsuit against an appraiser and a lender, alleging racial bias in the appraisal of another black consumer’s home. In that case, HUD alleges that the appraiser used comparable sales from a nearby majority‑minority area rather than those from the predominantly white neighborhood where the property was located. The lender and the appraiser did not revise the appraisal when the consumer challenged the valuation.
In July 2023, the agencies proposed guidance on Reconsiderations of Value (ROV) that was finalized in July 2024. This broad guidance will apply to all situations where there may be concerns about the accuracy of an appraisal or valuation, but it specifically emphasizes fair lending concerns. “Prohibited discrimination” is the first item listed in the guidance as a possible cause of deficiencies in valuations. The guidance states that appraisal bias, if not remedied, would be considered a violation of the Equal Credit Opportunity Act (ECOA) and Regulation B. The ROV Guidance also reiterates, as the agencies have asserted in other contexts, that financial institutions are responsible for monitoring the compliance of third parties, including appraisers.
The agencies also recently published a final rule on the use of automated valuation models (AVMs) in credit decisions, explicitly requiring that banks ensure that the AVMs they use “comply with applicable nondiscrimination laws.” While the AVM guidance expresses regulator concern about automation and artificial intelligence — another recent focus — it also is targeted at the issue of discrimination in valuations and builds on both the ROV guidance and the lawsuits in which federal agencies are participating.
Taken together, these regulator actions demonstrate that bank reviews of appraisals and valuations should be calibrated to detect discriminatory bias, and the lawsuits suggest a few items that may be worth extra scrutiny. One of these is the selection of comparable properties or “comps,” as they are often called by appraisers and lenders. Lawsuits have alleged that the comps selected for an appraisal have reflected the race or ethnicity of the homeowner more than specifics of the property itself. For banks, the takeaway is that when the selected comps are not the recently sold properties closest to the appraised property, the bank should examine the reason that more distant properties were used.
The general trajectory of property values in the area may also be worth a careful look. If area property values have generally increased since the subject property was last sold or appraised, a valuation that shows a smaller increase or a decrease in value as compared to the last sale or valuation may raise eyebrows. In the lawsuits alleging valuation discrimination, plaintiffs consistently argue that a valuation showing a change in value that is not in line with the general trend for area property is an indicator that the valuation is unfairly biased. When reviewing an appraisal, it may be useful for banks to look at the last appraisal or sale of the property and the general trend for area property values since that time, ensuring that there is a reasonable basis for any divergence from that trend.
The reconsideration of value process provides an additional opportunity for the bank to mitigate risk. In the immediate transaction, there is both fair lending and safety and soundness risk to the bank if it does not fully review the valuation and ensure that the value assigned to the property is accurate. Based on the conglomeration of guidance and lawsuits on this topic, however, resolving any issues with the valuation is only the first step.
Because of the bank’s obligation to oversee third-party service providers and ensure that they also comply with fair lending rules and other requirements, a well-constructed ROV process should feed into the bank’s vendor management program. When an appraisal or valuation is determined to be inaccurate or unreliable, that information should be sent to those responsible for vendor management to ensure that the bank does not continue to use appraisers who are not consistently providing quality appraisals. Reviewers of vendors who provide valuations should monitor those vendors for quality, including any indicators of discriminatory bias.
Finally, even where a challenged or disputed valuation is found to have been reliable and valid, the bank’s adherence to the ROV process, including a thorough (and thoroughly documented) objective review of valuations, as well as careful consideration of any issues raised about the valuation, demonstrates to regulators (and, in the event of litigation, to courts) that the bank is committed to ensuring accurate valuations.
